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Q1. [Fabricated] Has background music any effect on learning new materials? A 4th year student decided to take it as his research project and set up an experiment to see if this would be the case. He decided to have two types of background music (classical and heavy metal).
The learning materials were composed of two lists of words from a foreign language; the easy one contains one-syllable words, while the difficult one includes bi-syllable words. He operationalised the music types by using Max Bruch's concerto No. 1 for violin and orchestra and six tracks from an album by The Scorpions. The word lists were made up of 10 single- and 10 bi-syllable words each in Chinese.
A Chinese language learning software was used for participants to learn these words both in pronunciation and the meanings. Since gender can play a role in language learning, 80 undergraduate students from both sexes (40 males and 40 females) who had no knowledge of Chinese were randomly allocated to different experimental conditions, each with the same number of students. The test scores were obtained under each condition after a 10 minutes learning session. He believed that the music effect would be shown through the test scores after a given period of learning during the experiment for both female and male students. His thoughts were that classical music would effect a better learning outcome for both groups of students, in particular, he planned to compare the effect both type of music on learning of each word list. The data are given below. [28 marks]
Correct Words Leant under different conditions (N = 80)
1-syllable 2-syllables
Female Male Female Male
Music (1) (2) (1) (2)
Classical 8 5 6 3
(1) 6 4 5 2
6 6 5 5
6 9 5 0
4 3 3 2
8 8 2 3
5 6 5 2
9 4 7 5
9 6 6 4
8 7 6 4
Heavy 4 3 0 6
(2) 3 1 5 7
2 2 4 6
3 6 1 6
4 4 3 6
2 6 2 4
3 2 4 7
5 2 3 9
6 3 5 8
4 3 3 6
A. Code book and hypotheses. [4 marks]
a) Write a code book for the analysis in SPSS (data format/set up, variable definition).
b) Write down the hypotheses to be tested (H1 & H0).
B. Test the Assumptions of the Analysis of Variance. [6 marks]
Check if the following assumptions have been met backed up by appropriate statistics where necessary.
a). Independence.
b). Levels of Measurement.
c). Normality.
d). Homogeneity.
C. Conduct the ANOVA using SPSS. [6 marks]
a). Display the means and standard deviations for each group.
b). Provide a source table.
c). Calculate effect size(s).
d). Test the simple effect of Music at each level of Words.
Note: the calculation process/steps such as that for effect size can be put into the Appendix with clear labels.
Annotated SPSS output (such as ANOVA test Table) can also be used and listed in the Appendix.
D. Reporting the results. [12 marks]
Write a Results section for the analysis above.
Some suggested points to be considered:
(*) report in order of the hypothesis proposed (mentioning hypothesis);
(*) a description of the statistical procedures used to test the hypothesis;
(*) conclusions about the status of the hypotheses based on the appropriate statistics (including relevant Ms and SDs);
(*) reporting statistics and present the results in appropriate APA style.
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